System and method for automated classification of structured property description extracted from data source using numeric representation and keyword search

ABSTRACT

Some implementations of the disclosure are directed to retrieving a property description describing a real property; generating a numeric representation of the property description; determining one or more keywords of a keyword list present or absent in the property description; generating one or more values corresponding to a presence or absence of the one or more keywords in the property description; combining the numeric representation of the property description with the one or more values to create a combination; and computing, based on the combination, a most likely classification of the property description from a plurality of classifications.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application No. 16/459,003 filed Jul. 1, 2019, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,048,711 on Jun. 29, 2021, and titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATED CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURED PROPERTY DESCRIPTION EXTRACTED FROM DATA SOURCE USING NUMERIC REPRESENTATION AND KEYWORD SEARCH,” which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application No. 16/226,370 filed Dec. 19, 2018, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,997,403 on May 4, 2021, and titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AUTOMATED SELECTION OF BEST DESCRIPTION FROM DESCRIPTIONS EXTRACTED FROM A PLURALITY OF DATA SOURCES USING NUMERIC COMPARISON AND TEXTUAL CENTRALITY MEASURE.” All of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In one embodiment, a method includes: retrieving a structured description, the description including a character string; using a model trained on a plurality of structured descriptions to generate a numeric representation of the retrieved description; searching the retrieved description for a plurality of keywords in a keyword list to generate one or more values corresponding to a presence of the plurality of searched keywords; combining the numeric representation of the structured description with the generated one or more values to create a combination; using the combination to compute a most likely classification of the description from a plurality of classifications; and returning the most likely classification.

In some implementations, generating a numeric representation of the description comprises generating a vector representation of the description. In some implementations, generating one or more values corresponding to a presence of the plurality of searched keywords comprises generating a vector representation corresponding to a presence of the plurality of searched keywords, wherein the combination is created by concatenating the vector representation of the description with the vector representation corresponding to the presence of the plurality of searched keywords. In particular implementations, the generated vector representation corresponding to the presence of the plurality of searched keywords is a vector of binary values, wherein one of the binary values provides an indication that one or more keywords are present, and wherein the other one of the binary values provides an indication that one or more keywords are absent.

In some implementations, the structured description is a structured property description describing a real property. In such implementations, the plurality of searched keywords may comprise two or more of the following: easement, except, interest, condominium, section, township, range, feet, parcel, subdivision, and lot. The plurality of classifications may comprise: simple subdivision, mid-level subdivision, a complex subdivision, a metes and bounds, and a sectional. In such implementations, the method may further comprise: receiving a search query for the real property through an application instance, wherein the application instance retrieves the structured property description in response to the search query. The method may further comprise: using at least the classification, determining whether or not to automatically select a property description from a plurality of property descriptions for document population.

In some implementations, the model trained on a plurality of structured descriptions to generate a numeric representation of the description comprises: an unsupervised neural network model configured to take a string of text and generate a vector representation of the string.

In some implementations, using the combination to compute a most likely classification of the description from a plurality of classifications and returning the most likely classification, comprises: computing a probability for each of the plurality of classifications; and returning the classification having the highest computed probability. Computing a probability for each of the plurality of classifications may comprise: applying a trained classification prediction model to the combination. The classification prediction model may use a ridge regression method to compute the probability for each of the plurality of classifications.

In some implementations, the method further comprises: pre-processing the structured description, wherein the numeric representation and the one or more values are generated using the pre-processed description.

In one embodiment, a method includes: retrieving a description dataset, the description dataset including a plurality of descriptions, each of the plurality of descriptions collected from a respective one of a plurality of data sources; using a trained model to automatically compute a classification from a plurality of classifications of a first description of the plurality of descriptions; based on the computed classification, proceeding to a method of automatically selecting a description from the plurality of descriptions; selecting a description from the plurality of descriptions using at least a numeric comparison of numbers extracted from each of the plurality of descriptions and a textual centrality measure performed on at least some of the plurality of descriptions to determine a level of agreement of each of the at least some of the plurality of descriptions with each of the other at least some of the plurality of descriptions; and populating a document or field with text of the selected description. In implementations, using a trained model to automatically compute a classification from the plurality of classifications, comprises: using a model trained on a plurality of structured descriptions to generate a numeric representation of the first description; searching the first description for a plurality of keywords in a keyword list to generate one or more values corresponding to a presence of the plurality of searched keywords; combining the numeric representation of the first description with the generated one or more values to create a combination; and using the combination to compute the classification as being a most likely classification from the plurality of classifications. In some implementations, the description dataset is a real property description dataset, each of the plurality of descriptions of the dataset describing a real property.

In one embodiment, a method includes: retrieving a description dataset, the description dataset including a plurality of character strings, each of the plurality of character strings collected from a respective one of a plurality of data sources; for each of the plurality of character strings, extracting numbers from the character string; performing a numerical comparison of the numbers extracted from each of the plurality of character strings to determine if one or more of the plurality of character strings needs to be discarded from further consideration, the numerical comparison comprising: determining if the numbers extracted from each of the plurality of character strings match with the numbers extracted from the other plurality of character strings; applying a text cleaning process to normalize for textual comparison the plurality of character strings; after performing the numerical comparison and applying the text cleaning process, performing a textual centrality measure of a remaining plurality of character strings to determine a level of agreement of each of the remaining plurality of character strings with each of the other remaining plurality of character strings; and using at least the textual centrality measure to select a character string from the remaining plurality of character strings having a highest level of agreement with each of the other remaining plurality of character strings. In some implementations, the selected character string may be used to automatically populate a document (e.g., a text field in the document). In some implementations, the selected character string may be used to automatically populate a field presented in an application, a field presented on a website, or some other field.

In some implementations, the method further includes: calculating a confidence score of the selected character string, where the confidence score is calculated using at least the textual centrality measure. In such implementations, the method may further include: determining that the calculated confidence score falls above or below a predetermined threshold; and in response to determining that the calculated confidence score falls above or below a predetermined threshold, performing additional operations or presenting a notification to the user.

In some implementations, performing the textual centrality measure includes: calculating a levenshtein distance between each of the remaining plurality of character strings and each of the other remaining plurality of character strings.

In some implementations, the method further includes: for each of the plurality of character strings, concatenating into a number string the numbers extracted from the character string, where performing a numerical comparison of the numbers extracted from each of the plurality of character strings comprises: comparing the concatenated number strings.

In some implementations, the method further includes: classifying one or more of the plurality of character strings of the description dataset; and using at least the classification, determining whether or not to automatically select a character string from the plurality of character strings.

In some implementations, the description dataset is a real property description dataset, and the plurality of character strings of the dataset describe the real property. In such implementations, the numbers extracted from each of the plurality of character strings may include a lot number and a tract number. In such implementations, the method may further include: receiving a search query for the real property through an application instance, where the application instance retrieves the description dataset in response to the search query. In particular implementations, the application instance may retrieve the description dataset by initiating a proxy call to each of the plurality of data sources for information related to the searched property. In some implementations, the selected character string may be used to populate a title document.

In some implementations, the method further includes: calculating a confidence score of the selected character string, where the confidence score is calculated using at least the textual centrality measure; and providing a notification of the confidence score. For example, the notification of the confidence score may be provided to a title examiner.

In one embodiment, a method includes: retrieving a real property description dataset, the real property description dataset including a plurality of descriptions describing the real property, each of the plurality of descriptions collected from a respective one of a plurality of data sources; for each of the plurality of descriptions, extracting numbers from the description that identify the real property; performing a numerical comparison of the numbers extracted from each of the plurality of descriptions to determine if one or more of the plurality of descriptions needs to be discarded from further consideration, the numerical comparison comprising: determining if the numbers extracted from each of the plurality of descriptions match numbers extracted from the other plurality of descriptions; applying a text cleaning process to normalize for textual comparison the plurality of descriptions; after applying the numerical comparison and text cleaning process, performing a textual centrality measure of a remaining plurality of descriptions to determine a level of agreement of each of the remaining plurality of descriptions with each of the other remaining plurality of descriptions; and using at least the textual centrality measure to select a description from the remaining descriptions having a highest level of agreement with each of the other remaining plurality of descriptions.

In some implementations, the method further includes: receiving a search query for the real property through an application instance, wherein the application instance retrieves the description dataset in response to the search query. In some implementations, the application instance retrieves the description dataset by initiating a proxy call to each of the plurality of data sources for information related to the searched real property.

In some implementations, the method further includes: calculating a confidence score of the selected description, wherein the confidence score is calculated using at least the textual centrality measure; and providing a notification of the confidence score.

In some implementations, the method further includes: classifying one or more of the plurality of descriptions of the real property description dataset; using at least the classification, determining whether or not to automatically select a description from the plurality of descriptions to populate the title document; and populating a title document describing the real property with text of the selected description.

Other features and aspects of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the features in accordance with various embodiments. The summary is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims attached hereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure, in accordance with one or more various embodiments, is described in detail with reference to the following figures. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict typical or example embodiments. These drawings are provided to facilitate the reader's understanding of various embodiments and shall not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability of the present disclosure. It should be noted that for clarity and ease of illustration these drawings are not necessarily made to scale.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system in which embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented.

FIG. 2 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an example method that may be implemented to generate title products, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example display of a set of descriptions of a property that may be retrieved from a plurality of different data sources, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example display and classification of a set of structured descriptions of a property that may be retrieved from data sources, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an example method that may be implemented to automatically classify a retrieved property description into one of a plurality of available classifications using a combination of the numeric representation of the description with a numeric representation of the results of the keyword search, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 depicts a Doc2Vec neural network model.

FIG. 7 depicts the results of testing a Doc2Vec neural network model trained using thousands of property descriptions that were classified, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 depicts the results of applying a trained Doc2Vec model to an input property description, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates a table including example binary values that may be associated with the presence or absence of keywords or keyword patterns corresponding to different property descriptions, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example implementation of taking a structured property description, generating a vector representation of the description and a vector representation of a keyword search of the description, and combining the vectors, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an example method that may be implemented to automatically select a best description from a retrieved property description dataset using a numeric comparison and textual centrality measure of the descriptions retrieved from a plurality of data sources, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 12 provides a pictorial illustration of the number comparison process and textual centrality measure process of the method of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 illustrates a particular example numerical calculation of centrality scores, a raw confidence score, and enhanced confidence score to select a best description in accordance with implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 14 shows a table illustrating the performance of systems and methods implemented in accordance with the disclosure to automatically classify a retrieved property description into one of a plurality classifications.

FIG. 15 shows plots illustrating the performance of systems and methods implemented in accordance with the disclosure to automatically classify a retrieved property description into one of a plurality classifications.

FIG. 16 shows plots illustrating the performance of systems and methods implemented in accordance with the disclosure to automatically select a best description from a retrieved property description dataset using a numeric comparison and textual centrality measure of the descriptions retrieved from the plurality of data sources.

FIG. 17A is a plot illustrating the performance of implementations of the automated description selection method described herein as a function of the data source from which a description was selected.

FIG. 17B is a plot illustrating the performance of implementations of the automated description selection method described herein as a function of the classification of the description, where the classifications described above with reference to Table 1 were used.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example computing module that may be used to implement various features of the methods disclosed herein.

The figures are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit various embodiments to the precise form disclosed. It should be understood that various embodiments can be practiced with modification and alteration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Some embodiments described in the disclosure are directed toward systems and methods for collecting a structured description (e.g., a structured description of real property) from a data source, converting the description to a numeric representation, conducting a keyword search on the structured description to generate one or more values corresponding to a presence of the plurality of searched keywords, and using a combination of the numeric representation of the description with the generated one or more values to compute a most likely classification of the collected description. Particular implementations are directed toward systems and methods for obtaining a structured description describing a real property, using a model to convert the structured property description to a first vector, generating a second vector corresponding to a presence of a plurality of keywords searched in the property description, concatenating the first and second vectors, and using values from the concatenated vector as an input to a trained classification model to compute a most likely classification of the property description.

Additional embodiments described in the present disclosure are directed toward systems and methods for collecting descriptions from a plurality of different data sources (e.g., descriptions of a real property) and using a numeric comparison and textual centrality measure to automatically select a best description from the plurality of descriptions obtained from the plurality of different data sources.

Particular implementations are directed toward systems and methods for obtaining descriptions of a real property from a plurality of different data sources, running a numeric comparison of property-identifying numbers extracted from each of the descriptions to remove descriptions that do no match, and running a textual centrality measure to select a best property description from the plurality of descriptions. In various implementations, the output of the textual centrality measure may include the selected description, a confidence score of the selected description compared to the entire collection of potential descriptions, and a centrality measure determining the level of agreement of the selected description with the other descriptions from the other data sources.

The techniques described herein may be particularly advantageous in the field of title product creation in which the problem of determining with confidence a correct legal description among multiple legal descriptions for a property in question has conventionally required manual review, even when automated processes are used to provide an initial estimate of a legal description.

As used herein to refer to a real property, the terms “description,” “legal description,” or “structured property description” generally refer to a textual description (e.g., one or more paragraphs) describing the location and boundaries of a particular parcel of real estate in three-dimensional space upon the face of the earth. In some implementations, the primary parcel may be expanded by “together with” or similar language describing additional parcels of real estate and/or additional real property rights associated with the primary parcel. In other implementations, the primary parcel may be reduced by “less & except,” “subject to” or similar language describing other parcels of real estate and/or real property rights that have been subtracted from the primary parcel. The textual description of where the property is located may include both numbers and words.

It should be noted that although various embodiments are described herein with respect to real estate-related documents, and particularly title documents containing legal descriptions, one having ordinary skill in the art reading this description would fully appreciate and understand that the various embodiments could be applied to other fields and industries not pertaining to real estate or title examination.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system in which embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented. The system includes enterprise server system 10, enterprise database system 20, public records system 30, external API gateway 16, and web application proxy server 25. In implementations, some or all components of systems 10 and 20, external API gateway 16, and web application proxy server 25 may be implemented as a part of a single enterprise system. For example, data retrieval and communication may be performed along a common enterprise service bus or enterprise network.

In this particular implementation, enterprise server system 10 provides a plurality of web-based applications or modules 11-14 through internal application program interface (API) gateway 15. Modules 11-14, in various embodiments, further described below, may be used to access property records from a plurality of different data sources, index property records, search property records, generate reports (e.g., title reports) using property records, classify descriptions of properties contained in the records, and automatically select a best description of a property from a multitude of descriptions contained in a plurality of different data sources. For example, tract map records, grant deeds, deeds of trust, tax records, loan documents, title insurance policies, title reports, and other property records may be accessed.

Indexed property records may be stored in one or more databases 21 of database system 20. For example, property data of a property record may be indexed using one or more fields (e.g., a date field, a document type field, an address field, an APN field, etc.) and associated with a property record that is stored in database system 20 or a file server (e.g., in an image format or in a text-based format). The association between the property data and a property record may be made with a pointer. For example, key-value pairs (KVP) may be used to establish a link between property data and a property record based on a document number, a year, a state, a county, property tax identifiers, and legal descriptions such as the tract map recording information, lot number, etc.

In various embodiments, property records may be obtained from a plurality of different data sources. For example, property records may be obtained from enterprise legacy systems without web services 40, enterprise electronics systems with web services 50, and public records system(s) 30 such as county recorder offices that include physical property records and/or digital property records stored on a local system. Physical property records may be digitized (e.g., using a scanner), imaged documents may be OCR'ed to make them text-searchable, and the documents may be tokenized and indexed.

By way of illustrative example, in the title industry, where the retrieved digital documents are real-estate-related documents, the data sources may include web-based application servers of title companies, legacy application servers of title companies, title plants, or county recorders. In this example implementation, legacy application servers may comprise legacy title escrow systems (e.g., systems that store real-estate-related documents in word perfect form) and web-based application servers may comprise transactional title or escrow systems that generate title commitments or policies that another system may interact with via a web service.

An external API gateway 16 may provide a network access point to enterprise server system 10 for user devices 1 accessing modules 11-14 provided by internal API gateway 15. By way of example, user devices 1 may comprise a desktop system, a laptop, a tablet, a mobile phone, or any other system that may display and access applications (e.g., web-based applications) provided by enterprise system 10. In particular, user devices 1 may access an application for creating title products such as title reports. The application may be provided as a browser based web application (e.g., instructions contained in a webpage), a mobile application (e.g., client program installed on device directly connects with API gateway 15), as a native-based application, or some combination thereof. The application may be accessed using a variety of frameworks, such as, for example, HTML 5, Angular JS, ASP.NET, WPF, MVVM, etc. In the example system of FIG. 1, a tablet or smartphone device may execute an application that calls a web application proxy server 25 for accessing modules 11-14.

In implementations, internal API gateway 15 may filter user traffic so that only authenticated or authorized users access modules 11-14, route requests by user devices to an appropriate module 11-14, provide an API tailored for each type of device so that the device may access a module, limit how much traffic may be sent by each external user device, and provide other gateway services. Alternatively, in other embodiments an API gateway is not implemented and user devices may directly call modules 11-14 using the appropriate protocols (e.g., HTTP, WebSocket, etc.) Enterprise server system 10 may also provide a security server 18 (e.g., an Active Director Federation Services (ADFS) server) for providing users with sign-on access (e.g., user credentials) to applications provided by server system 10.

As illustrated in this example, modules 11-14 include an order management module 11, a property search module 12, a property description classification module 13, and a property description selection module 14. In embodiments, these modules may be implemented as separate or integrated web-based applications. Order management module 11 may initiate orders for title products such as title policies or reports for a property. Property search module 12 may be used to perform a search of records of one or more properties from a plurality of different data sources. For example, a property address or assessor's parcel number (APN) may be entered into a search platform and relevant property data may be retrieved from a plurality of different data sources, including sources that provide OCR′ed documents, prior title polices or reports, and the like.

Property description classification module 13, further described below, may classify a description of a real property based on its text. Based on the classification of the description, it may be determined whether automated methods of description selection may be implemented. Property description selection module 14, further described below, may be to use a numeric comparison and textual centrality measure to automatically select a best description of a property from a plurality of descriptions obtained from a plurality of different data sources.

FIG. 2 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an example method 200 that may be implemented to generate title products (e.g., title report or title policy) in accordance with implementations of the disclosure. For example, method 200 may be implemented to generate a title policy when a new order comes in (e.g., because of a transfer of real property ownership).

Method 200 may be implemented by one or more processors executing instructions stored on one or more computer readable mediums. For example, method 200 may be implemented using at least modules 11-14 of enterprise server system 10. In some implementations, prior to implementing method 200, a web-based application (e.g., an application hosted by an application server) for title product generation may be initialized.

At operation 210, a search query for a property is received. For example, property identification information may be entered by a title examiner into a search platform/engine. In some instances, the property identification information may include a property address or APN.

At operation 220, a description dataset of the searched property is received, the dataset including a description of the property collected from each of a respective one of a plurality of data sources. For example, in response to searching for information pertaining to a property in question, documents and other information relating to the property may be retrieved from a plurality of data sources or systems. The retrieved information may contain descriptions of the same property collected from a plurality of different data sources such as title plants, public records (e.g., county recorders, title companies, etc.).

In some implementations, property information, including property descriptions, may be retrieved from each of the plurality of different sources by initiating a proxy call to each of the external systems associated with each of the plurality of systems. The proxy calls may be initiated through a search engine of a web application through which the title examiner searches for property information. By way of example, a prior title product (e.g., a historical report) for the property in question (e.g., a “starter” document that may be used to generate a new title product) may be retrieved by initiating a proxy call to an existing title orders system. As another example, OCR'ed documents obtained from public records, and associated with the property in question, may be retrieved by making a proxy call to a system that stores such records. In other implementations, the functionalities of the systems from which property information is retrieved may be directly implemented in the web application.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example display of a set of structured descriptions of a property that may be retrieved from a plurality of different data sources, in accordance with implementations. As shown, the display identifies the source type 310 of the description and raw value 320 of the description. The raw value may have a character string data type or other suitable data type. In this example, the various data sources of the property description may include various OCR′ed data sources (e.g., “ocr_2,” “ocr_4,” “ocr_6,” “ocr_8,” and “ocr_10”), starter document data sources (e.g., “starter”, “fs”), examiner keyed data sources (e.g. FAST), the initial legal description identified through automated rules and displayed in the examiner's user interface (e.g. ui_initial) and the legal description placed on the final title policy (e.g. final).

Following retrieval of the descriptions, one or more of the retrieved descriptions may be classified (e.g., using property description classification module 13). The ability to classify or categorize the retrieved descriptions may be advantageous, as depending on the complexity of the description, there may be different associated levels of risk. For example, there may be different associated levels of risk for a title company creating a title product such as title policy. Depending on the categorization of a description (which has a corresponding level of risk), this may be used to inform whether automated selection of the description of the property at issue is appropriate (optional decision 240).

By way of illustrative example, in instances where a property description is classified as including any “less & except” language, the property description may be removed from an automated process of selecting a best property description among the set of retrieved descriptions because these “less & except” provisions may pose risks in the ability to underwrite ownership rights effectively. Further, in instances where a property description is classified as including any “together with” language, the property description may be removed from an automated process of selecting a best property description among the set of retrieved descriptions because these “together with” provisions may pose other risks in the ability to underwrite ownership rights effectively. More generally, any descriptions i) having a classification indicating a high complexity of the overall description that is to be selected, and/or ii) indicating an increased risk associated with selecting the incorrect description may result in the system determining that the description needs to be reviewed manually. In some implementations, if any of the descriptions retrieved at operation 220 are classified at operation 230 as being inappropriate for automated review, at decision 240 it may be determined that operation 300 is to be skipped, and that a manual review is to be conducted of the descriptions. In other implementations, only those descriptions that are classified as being inappropriate for automated review are removed from automated consideration.

In one particular example involving real property classification, descriptions may be classified in accordance with Table 1, below:

TABLE 1 Label Description Characteristics Simple Description consists of lot number, subdivision name or subdivision number, and book and page numbers. Description includes neither “less & except” provisions, nor any “together with” provisions. Mid-level Description includes lot number, subdivision name or subdivision number, and book and page numbers. Description includes one or more of the following: ‘reserve or exclude’ rights to underground resources, multiple lots in the same sub- division, second parcel with a road for access to property, or references back to older maps or original sectional information Complex Description associated with condominium or similar subdivision common-interest development regime Metes and Description includes specific geographic map measures bounds defining parcel boundaries by specific calls and directions beginning at a fixed point. Description may contain subdivision lots. Sectional Description includes references to the section, township, and range coordinates. In this example, descriptions that are classified or labeled as corresponding to a “simple subdivision” may be passed to an automated description selection process whereas descriptions that are labeled as “mid-level subdivision” may not be passed to the automated description selection process. It should be appreciated that, depending on the implementation, other classification labels, and a different number of classifications may be used. It should be appreciated that the characteristics of a description that may lead to different classifications may vary depending upon the implementation. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the determination of what description classifications should preclude automated selection of a best description among a plurality of retrieved descriptions may vary depending upon the implementation.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example display and classification of a set of structured descriptions of a property that may be retrieved from data sources, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure. In the example of FIG. 4, the display identifies the description 410 and the predication label or classification 420. The description 410 may be a character string data type or other suitable data type. In this example, the predicted classifications correspond to the classification scheme described above with reference to Table 1.

In some implementations of method 200, operation 230 and decision 240 may be skipped (i.e., a best description is automatically selected without regard to classification).

Referring again to method 200, at operation/method 250, a best description from the property description dataset is automatically selected using a numeric comparison and textual centrality measure of the descriptions retrieved from the plurality of data sources. In particular, a description may be selected as the best description if: i) it has numeric identifiers of where a property is located (e.g., lot and tract number) that match the majority of retrieved descriptions; and ii) has the highest level of agreement with the other descriptions based on a centrality measure. Particular implementations of operation 250 are further described below with reference to FIG. 3.

As noted above, in some implementations operation 250 is performed only if the classification of the descriptions provide an indication that automated selection of the best description is suitable for the class of description. In other implementations, operation 250 may be always performed, regardless of the description classification, or in instances where there is no classification of the retrieved descriptions.

Following selection of a best description, at operation 260, one or more fields of a title product (e.g., title policy) may be populated using the selected description, an automated workflow may be triggered, and/or notifications may be presented to the user (e.g., notifications to perform manual operations). Additionally, at operation 270, a confidence score indicating a confidence of the selected description may be obtained. Depending on whether the confidence score falls above or below a predetermined threshold, different processing operations may be automatically triggered and/or different prompts/notifications may be displayed to the user. For example, if the confidence score falls below a predetermined threshold, the title examiner may be instructed via a display notification to perform a manual review of the populated description fields, and/or a graphical user interface for manual review of the populated description fields may be presented to the title examiner. Alternatively, if the confidence score meets or exceeds a threshold, the system may not instruct the title examiner to perform a manual review, and/or an automated workflow may be triggered. In some implementations, the one or more fields of the title product are populated using the selected description only if it exceeds the predetermined threshold. In some implementations, one or more fields on a webpage or application may be populated using the selected description.

FIG. 5 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an example method 500 that may be implemented to automatically classify a retrieved property description into one of a plurality of available classifications using a combination of the numeric representation of the description with a numeric representation of the results of the keyword search, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure. For example, method 500 may be implemented to classify a property description in the process flow of method 200 (e.g., during the process of title policy generation). Alternatively method 500 may be implemented to classify structured text strings for some other process that would benefit from automated classification of a description. As noted above with reference to the example of Table 1, the types of classification labels that are used, and the number of classifications that are used may vary depending on the implementation of method 500. As such, the characteristics of a structured description that may lead to different classifications may vary depending upon the implementation.

Method 500 may be implemented by one or more processors executing instructions stored on one or more computer readable mediums. For example, method 500 may be implemented using one or more modules, including property description classification module 13, of enterprise server system 10.

As illustrated and further described below, method 500 may take as an input a property description 505 and output: i) a classification 561; and ii) a confidence score of the classification 562. By way of illustrative example, the input property description 505 may be retrieved in accordance with operations 210-220 of method 200, described above. For example, the property description 505 may correspond to one of the set of descriptions 310 or 410 illustrated in FIGS. 3-4 and described above. As a further example, the output classification 561 may correspond to the predicted label 420 and the output confidence score of the classification 562 may correspond to the confidence 430 of the predicted label 420. For instance, the classification 561 may be selected from one of the five classifications of Table 1.

With reference now to the operations of method 500, at optional operation 510, a received property description 505 may be pre-processed. For example, a string of text corresponding to a property description 505 may be normalized in preparation for generating a numeric representation. During pre-processing, a text cleaning algorithm, a natural language processing algorithm, or other suitable algorithm may be applied to the text. For example, pre-processing may include removing spaces, removing punctuation, making all characters the same case, standardizing punctuation, etc.

At operation 520, a model trained on property descriptions may be used to generate a numeric representation of the property description. For example, the numeric representation may be a vector representation generated by applying the model to a property description 505 after pre-processing at operation 510 or without pre-processing.

In particular, prior to implementing method 500, a model may be trained to take strings of structured text describing a property (e.g., one of the property descriptions 310 and 410 depicted in FIGS. 3-4) and generate a numeric representation. The model may be trained on pre-processed structured property descriptions. In some implementations, the model may be initialized by selecting one or more unsupervised learning algorithms that learn vector representations from a string of text without having target outputs to begin with. The learning algorithm may distinguish the ordering of words and the semantics of sentences. The output vector may be a fixed length. For example, an input may include a property description extracted from an existing title document, and the derived output may be a numerical vector representation of that property description. During initialization, hyperparameters of the algorithms may be set. In some implementations, an ensemble model that combines multiple statistical modeling techniques may be utilized. For example, bagging (averaging of multiple models), a bucket of models (using training data to create different models, and then picking the best one), boosting, stacking, or other ensemble model techniques may be utilized.

In some implementations, the model may be an unsupervised neural network model that take strings of structured text and generates a vector representation from the structured text. For example, in one particular implementation the Doc2Vec neural network model may be used. Doc2Vec is an unsupervised algorithm that may learn fixed-length feature vector representations from variable-length pieces of texts, such as sentences, paragraphs, or documents.

As depicted by FIG. 6, Doc2Vec may be implemented as a shallow two-layer neural network that takes as input a string of text and generates a vector representation (e.g., a doc vector) of the string of text. Similar property descriptions may have very similar vector representations. In FIG. 6, the input words layer signals of surrounding words coming into the network. When the signals flow through hidden layer, the weights between all layers may be optimized in order to hit the target word in the output word layer with the highest possibilities. After training the neural network with a large number of text strings, the model may build a memory of the existence and ordering of words. This may allow it to develop the ability to distinguish between similar and dissimilar text strings similar to how a human would “read” text as opposed to simple character-by-character comparison.

FIG. 7 depicts the results of testing a Doc2Vec neural network model trained using thousands of property descriptions that were classified in accordance with Table 1. In this instance, each description was manually tagged by a human using one of the following labels: “simple subdivision,” “mid-level subdivision,” “complex subdivision,” “metes and bounds,” or “sectional.” These manual tags are shown in different grayscale shades. The first and second principle components of the vector representation output of the Doc2Vec neural network model with respect to each input property description are depicted in FIG. 7. As illustrated, property descriptions having the same manual classification tended to cluster together when output by Doc2Vec. As such, within each classification, property descriptions may have very similar vector representations as depicted by FIG. 7.

Other unsupervised models that may be used to take strings of structured text describing a property and generate a vector representation may include a model based on Word2Vec, a model based on Global Vectors for Word Representation (GloVe), etc. In alternative implementations, supervised learning algorithms, semi-supervised learning algorithms, or a combination or supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms may be used.

By virtue of creating a numeric representation (e.g., vector representation) of structured text strings, the concept of similarity of text strings for the purpose of classification may be maintained more robustly as compared with running a basic character comparison. In particular, machine learning and statistical techniques may be more easily leveraged to run similarity comparisons of numeric representations. In this instance, given the typically structured nature of the retrieved property description (e.g., inclusion of lot number, block number, track number, book number, page number, “less & except” provisions, “together with provisions,” and/or certain text in a certain order), the similarity of text strings may be maintained in the numeric representation.

FIG. 8 depicts the results of applying the aforementioned trained Doc2Vec model to an input property description 810, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure. As depicted, the model generates a vector of numeric values 820.

At operation 530 of method 500, the property description may be searched for the presence of one or more of a plurality of keywords in a keyword list, and one or more values may be generated that correspond to the presence of the searched keywords. The property description 505 or the pre-processed description may be searched for the presence of keywords. The keyword list may be maintained in a table, a database, a spreadsheet, or some other suitable file structure that may be cross-referenced during the search. The keyword list may be created in advance by determining what keywords are associated with structured property descriptions pertaining to each of the classifications under consideration. For example, the frequency of occurrence of words in property descriptions having different classes may be examined to derive a keyword list. In some implementations, the search may include a search for patterns or combinations of keywords. For example, “excepting” may represent a single keyword whereas “less & except” may represent a pattern or combination of keywords.

In some implementations, an identifier may be stored in memory (e.g., a raised flag) if the presence of a keyword or pattern of keywords is detected. In some implementations, a specific flag may be raised if a single keyword uniquely associated with the flag is present, if one or more of a group of keywords associated with the flag is present, or if a pattern of keywords associated with the flag is present. By way of illustrative example, and continuing the previous example described above with reference to Table 1, Table 2 shows keywords and/or keyword patterns that may cause individual flags to be raised.

TABLE 2 Flag Type Keyword or Keyword Pattern mid easement, except, interest, mineral . . . condo condominium str section, township, range (pattern) subset specific measure of lot called out (pattern) loop point of beginning, minutes, degree . . . feet Feet parcel Parcel subdivision subdivision, lot

In particular implementations, binary values (e.g., 1 or 0) may be used to identify the presence (e.g., 1) or absence (e.g., 0) of keywords or keyword patterns. For example, if one of the aforementioned flags of Table 2 is raised, a value of 1 may be set. Otherwise, a value of 0 may be set. In other implementations, other types of values, numeric or otherwise, may be used to identify the presence or absence of keywords or keyword patterns.

In particular implementations, the generated one or more values may be represented as a vector of values. For example, a vector of binary values (e.g., 1 or 0) may represent the presence or absence of the flags of Table 2. The vector may be arranged in a particular order.

FIG. 9 illustrates a table 900 including example binary values that may be associated with the presence or absence of keywords or keyword patterns corresponding to different property descriptions 910-940, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure. An associated classification or label is also shown for illustrative purposes. As depicted in this example, property description 910 is identified as having a “subdivision” keyword and a keyword pattern corresponding to a specific measure of a lot. In this example, the percentage is the confidence score associated with a predicted classification result.

At operation 540, the numeric representation of the structured property description may be combined with the generated one more values from the keyword search. In some implementations, the combination may comprise concatenating a vector corresponding to the numeric representation of the structured property description with a vector corresponding to one or more values generated from the keyword search. FIG. 10 illustrates one such example implementation of taking a structured property description 810, generating vectors 820 and 1030, and concatenating the vectors 820 and 1030, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure. In the illustrated example, the one or more values corresponding to the presence of keywords is generated as a vector representation 1030 having binary values. In this instance, a binary value of 1 represents the presence of the keywords “lot,” “easement,” and “feet,” and a binary value of 0 represents the absence of the keyword “section.” It should be appreciated that although the example of FIG. 10 illustrates concatenation in a particular order, the two vectors may be concatenated in a different order.

At operation 550, the combination of the numeric representation of the structured property description and the one or more values is used to compute the most likely classification of a plurality of classifications that the structured property description falls under. For example, a probability may be computed for each of the five classes illustrated in Table 1, and the most likely classification may be the one having the highest probability.

In various implementations, a classification prediction model may be used to perform the classification given the input combination. The classification prediction model may be trained and/or tested in advance of performing method 500, including operation 550. For example, a training and testing dataset may be generated from a plurality of property descriptions having known, manual classifications. The classification prediction model training and testing dataset may be generated by performing operations 510-540 on the property descriptions having known, manual classifications.

In some implementations, to prevent over-fitting and reduce variance of predictions that may result from many of the features being highly correlated, a model may be chosen that has a reduced complexity and variance when multiple correlated features are involved. To this end, a model based on a ridge method may be chosen. In some implementations, a supervised machine learning classification algorithm based on ridge regression (e.g., RidgeClassifer) may be utilized. Ridge methods may be similar to least squares, except that they add a penalty equivalent to the square of the magnitude of coefficients—L2 regularization. In implementations, a ridge regression model may be trained to estimate ridge coefficient values {circumflex over (β)}^(R) that minimize Equation (1):

$\begin{matrix} {{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left( {y_{i} - \beta_{0} - {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{p}{\beta_{j}x_{ij}}}} \right)^{2}} + {\lambda{\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{p}\beta_{j}^{2}}}} = {{RSS} + {\lambda{\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{p}\beta_{j}^{2}}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$ Where y_(i) is a hand-labeled classification for the i-th property description (e.g., one of five numeric values), x_(ij) is a j-th feature for an i-th property description, and λ is a penalty parameter. The j-th features in this example may be each of the vector values corresponding to the combined output of operation 540.

Once trained and tested to derive coefficients, the model may be applied to the output of operation 540 for an unknown classification to generate a probability distribution for all classification types (e.g., all y_(i)). The classification with the highest probability may be the selected classification prediction. In some implementations, as new classifications are predicted and confirmed, the model may be retrained.

At operation 560, the most likely classification 561 is selected and returned. For example, the classification having the highest computed probability value may be returned. In some implementations of operation 560, a confidence score 562 associated with the confidence that the selected classification 561 is correct may be returned. The confidence score may be derived from the predicted probabilities of the plurality of classifications.

Following automatic derivation of a classification 561 and, optionally, a confidence score 562, a variety of operations may be performed. For example, a decision to accept the classification based on the confidence score exceeding a threshold can be made and the further process of automatically selecting a best description from a plurality of data sources performed during the process of title policy generation.

FIG. 11 is an operational flow diagram illustrating an example method 1100 that may be implemented to automatically select a best description from a retrieved property description dataset using a numeric comparison and textual centrality measure of the descriptions retrieved from the plurality of data sources, in accordance with implementations of the disclosure. For example, method 1100 may be implemented to select a best property description during the process of title policy generation.

Method 1100 may be implemented by one or more processors executing instructions stored on one or more computer readable mediums. For example, method 1100 may be implemented using one or more modules, including property description selection module 14, of enterprise server system 10.

As illustrated and further described below, method 1100 may take as an input a plurality of retrieved property descriptions 1105 and output: i) a selected description 1161; ii) a confidence score of the selected description 1162; and iii) a centrality measure 1163 of the selected description. By way of illustrative example, the property descriptions 1105 may be retrieved in accordance with operations 210-220 of method 200, described above. For example, the property descriptions 1105 may correspond to the set of descriptions illustrated in FIGS. 3-4 and described above.

At optional operation 1110, a priority order of data sources used to retrieve property descriptions may be set. For example, a title examiner may be provided with a user interface to select the priority order of data sources. In some implementations, the priority order may be used to select the best description when two or more descriptions have an equal measure of centrality. In some implementations, operation 1110 may be performed prior to performing method 1100. In some implementations, instead of performing operation 1110, a default order of priority among a plurality of data sources may be programmatically configured.

At operation 1120, for each of the retrieved property descriptions, numbers (e.g., lot number, block number, tract number, book number, page number) are extracted that identify the property. In some implementations, the extracted numbers for each description may be concatenated into a number string or some other data type that allows direct comparison of each number with the extracted numbers of another description. In various implementations, the retrieved property descriptions may be standardized in a particular format that facilitates numerical extraction. For instance, as shown in the particular examples of FIGS. 3-4, each of the retrieved description values may include a lot number, tract number, and other information in the same order.

At operation 1130, a number comparison is performed of the extracted numbers for each description (e.g., extracted number strings) to discard from consideration property descriptions from data sources that do not match. For example, in some implementations, the most common extracted number string (i.e., the statistical mode) is set as the correct number string, and descriptions that do not contain this number string are removed from consideration. In some implementations, if less than a threshold number of sources contain the most common number string (e.g., less than 50%), then method 1100 may terminate, and the process of description selection may revert to manual review. In some implementations, if there is more than one mode among the extracted number strings, the process of description selection may revert to manual review.

As illustrated in the example of FIG. 3, the extracted numbers of the ocr_4 (different lot number), ocr_4 (different lot number), and ocr_2 (additional series no.) sources do not match the remaining sources. As such, as a result of the numeric comparison, the descriptions from ocr_2, ocr_4, and ocr_6 are removed from consideration as a best description. This is illustrated in the example of FIG. 12, which provides a pictorial illustration of the number comparison process of method 1100.

In particular implementations, the numeric comparison may be performed in multiple stages or comparisons. For example, in the case of real property descriptions, book and page numbers may be compared before comparing tract and lot numbers. In this manner, the real property descriptions that do not match other descriptions during the initial numeric comparison may be discarded from further consideration.

As property descriptions retrieved from different data sources generally following a standardized format whereby a single difference in number (e.g., lot number or tract number) provides a strong indication that the description belongs to a different property, the numeric comparison of operation 1130 may provide an accurate means of removing inapplicable descriptions from consideration. In particular, a textual centrality or comparison measure, by itself, may not place much weight on a single number character difference, even though in the title industry there may be a significant difference when property descriptions have a different lot number, tract number, etc. As such, by virtue of first performing a numeric comparison, the appropriate amount of weight may be placed on the difference in numbers among property descriptions, and the accuracy of method 1100 may be significantly enhanced.

At operation 1140, a text cleaning process may be applied to the property descriptions to normalize the descriptions for comparison. Depending on the implementation, the text cleaning process may be performed after or before numeric comparison (operation 1130). The text cleaning process may be applied to the remaining property descriptions with the numbers extracted or with the remaining property descriptions including the numbers. In various implementations, the text cleaning process may apply a natural language processing algorithm or other suitable algorithm to normalize the text of the remaining descriptions for comparison. For example, the text cleaning process may include making all characters the same case, removing spaces, removing punctuation, removing stop words (e.g., “a,” “and,” “the”), performing lemmatization, etc.

At operation 1150, after text cleaning, a textual centrality measure 1163 of the remaining property descriptions is calculated to a determine a level of agreement of each description with other descriptions. In some implementations, to measure a similarity of the text strings of the remaining descriptions, for each of the text strings, a Levenshtein distance, or variants thereof, between the text string and each of the other text strings may be determined. In other implementations, other similarity measurements between text such as a Euclidean distance measurement, or a Jaccard similarity measurement may be used.

In some implementations, a confidence score 1162 may be determined at operation 1150 based on the degree of spread in agreement between the different descriptions.

As illustrated in the example of FIG. 3, as the remaining descriptions after numeric comparison are all identical, the centrality measure 330 returns a value of 100. This is further illustrated in the example of FIG. 12, which provides a pictorial illustration of the textual centrality measure process of method 1100.

At operation 1160, the property description having the highest level of agreement with the other property descriptions based on the textual centrality measure is selected. In implementations where there are multiple “best” descriptions, a description may be selected based on a hierarchy of the different data sources (e.g., as specified during operation 1110).

A selected property description 1161 may be used to auto-populate fields of a title document. In implementations, the confidence score 1162 and/or centrality measure 1163 output by method 1100 may be used to determine whether manual review of the selected description is needed. For example, if a determination is made based on the confidence score that manual review is needed, an application for title document creation may provide a flag or other visual indication to the title examiner. Alternatively, if manual review is not required, the application may also provide a visual indication, or it may provide no indication at all.

In some particular examples, a textual centrality measure 1163 and confidence score 1162 may be calculated as follows. Assume there are n sources of a description (e.g., a property description) where all numbers agree (e.g., as determined by operation 1140). For the cleaned textual string corresponding to each source i, a pairwise, normalized Levenshtein distance may calculated for the other strings. The Levenshtein distance may be computed as a measure of the dissimilarity between two strings, where the distance may be based on a number of deletions, insertions, or substitutions required to transform one string into another string. It may be normalized by dividing the character number of the longer string.

After calculating each pairwise Levenshtein distance for each source i, an average Levenshtein distance to all neighbors (i.e., the other source descriptions) may be calculated for each source by taking the average of the pairwise Levenshtein distances for the source i. Thereafter, a centrality measure C_(i) for each source i may derived based on Equation (2), below:

$\begin{matrix} {C_{i} = {100*\left( {1 - \frac{d_{i}}{wt_{i}}} \right)}} & (2) \end{matrix}$ Where d_(i) is the average Levenshtein distance for the source and wt_(i) is a weight assigned to the source, which may be user configurable. Additionally, a raw confidence score RCS may be calculated based on Equation (3), below:

$\begin{matrix} {{RCS} = {100*\left( {1 - \sqrt{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\frac{d_{i}^{2}}{\left( {n - 1} \right)^{2}}}} \right)}} & (3) \end{matrix}$ Where in this example, the confidence score is calculated based on a standard deviation from the mean zero.

In some implementations, an enhanced confidence score may be derived by performing a logistic regression that takes into account the raw confidence score, and other characteristics such as the classification type of the descriptions, the source count, a transaction type, etc.

FIG. 13 illustrates a particular example numerical calculation of centrality scores, a raw confidence score, and enhanced confidence score using the aforementioned mathematical examples to select a best description in accordance with implementations of the disclosure. As illustrated by Table 1300 of FIG. 13, property descriptions from five different sources are selected for comparison. The selected descriptions have been classified as corresponding to a “simple subdivision,” indicating that they are suitable for automatic description selection. Additionally, the selected descriptions have been assigned a weight based on the source type. In particular, OCR′ed data sources (e.g., “ocr_2,” “ocr_4,”) have been assigned the lowest weight, while starter document data sources (e.g., “starter”, “fs”), and examiner keyed data sources (e.g. FAST) have been assigned higher weights.

As illustrated by Table 1350 of FIG. 13, a normalized Levenshtein distance was calculated between each pair of sources, an average Levenshtein distance to the four other sources was computed for each source, and a centrality score was computed for each source based on its calculated average Levenshtein distance and assigned weight. In this example, the “starter” source has the highest centrality score. Additionally, a raw confidence score and enhanced confidence score were calculated for the dataset.

Experimental Results

FIG. 14 shows a table 1410, and FIG. 15 shows plots 1410-1420 illustrating the performance of systems and methods implemented in accordance with the disclosure to automatically classify a retrieved property description into one of a plurality of classifications. In the example of FIGS. 14-15, approximately 5000 hand classified property descriptions were used to train and cross validate the aforementioned ridge-based classification model. As depicted by table 1410, which shows a predicted classification versus an actual classification, the model achieved an overall 94% prediction accuracy using the five classifications of Table 1. Plot 1510 depicts the classification accuracy percentage compared with manual labels. As depicted, the higher the confidence score generated by the model's classification, the higher the accuracy. Plot 1520 depicts the population distribution over confidence score. As depicted, about 70% of predicted classifications had a confidence score of 70% or greater.

FIG. 16 shows plots illustrating the performance of systems and methods implemented in accordance with the disclosure to automatically select a best description from a retrieved property description dataset using a numeric comparison and textual centrality measure of the descriptions retrieved from the plurality of data sources. Plot 1601 illustrates an automatic selection accuracy percentage (y axis) as a function of the confidence score bin of a selected description shown in plot 1603. Here, an “accurate” selection is defined as a selection having a levenshtein distance of less than 0.1 between legal descriptions automatically selected by the methods described herein and final legal descriptions as selected by title examiners. An “inaccurate” selection is defined as a selection of having a levenshtein distance of 0.1 or greater. As illustrated, the “accurate percentage” as defined by levenshtein distance correlates strongly with the confidence score of the selected description.

Plot 1602 illustrates an average levenshtein distance (y axis) as a function of the confidence score bin of a selected description shown in plot 1603. Here, the average levenshtein distance is defined as the average levenshtein distance between legal descriptions automatically selected by the methods described herein and final legal descriptions as selected by title examiners. As illustrated, a decrease in the average levenshtein distance correlates strongly with an increase in the confidence score of the selected description. In the 90-100% confidence score range, the average levenshtein distance is less than 0.1.

Plot 1603 illustrates a non-cumulative frequency distribution of the of property records as a function of binned confidence scores representing a confidence range of a selected description. As illustrated, more than 90% of records were determined to have a confidence score of 70% or higher.

FIG. 17A is a plot illustrating the performance of implementations of the automated description selection method described herein as a function of the data source from which a description was selected. As illustrated, when descriptions were automatically selected from a starter document, they had on average the highest confidence score. When descriptions were automatically selected from OCR′ed documents, they had on average the lowest confidence score.

FIG. 17B is a plot illustrating the performance of implementations of the automated description selection method described herein as a function of the classification of the description, where the classifications described above with reference to Table 1 were used. As illustrated, when descriptions were classified as a “simple subdivision,” the confidence score of the automatically selected description was on average highest, whereas when descriptions were classified as a “complex subdivision,” the confidence score of the automatically selected description was on average lowest.

As used herein, the term module might describe a given unit of functionality that can be performed in accordance with one or more implementations of the present application. As used herein, a module might be implemented utilizing any form of hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more processors, controllers, FPGAs, CPUs, GPUs, ASICs, PLAs, PALs, CPLDs, logical components, software routines or other mechanisms might be implemented to make up a module. In implementation, the various modules described herein might be implemented as discrete modules or the functions and features described can be shared in part or in total among one or more modules. In other words, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this description, the various features and functionality described herein may be implemented in any given application and can be implemented in one or more separate or shared modules in various combinations and permutations. Even though various features or elements of functionality may be individually described or claimed as separate modules, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that these features and functionality can be shared among one or more common software and hardware elements, and such description shall not require or imply that separate hardware or software modules are used to implement such features or functionality.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example computing module 1800 that may be used to implement various features of the methods disclosed herein. Computing module 1800 may represent, for example, computing or processing capabilities found within imaging devices; desktops and laptops; hand-held computing devices (tablets, smartphones, etc.); mainframes, supercomputers, workstations or servers; or any other type of special-purpose or general-purpose computing devices as may be desirable or appropriate for a given application or environment. Computing module 1800 might also represent computing capabilities embedded within or otherwise available to a given device. As used herein, the term “computing device” may refer to hardware of a computing module.

Computing module 1800 might include, for example, one or more processors, controllers, control components, or other processing devices, such as a processor 1804. Processor 1804 might be implemented using a general-purpose or special-purpose processing engine such as, for example, a microprocessor, controller, or other control logic. Processor 1804 may be a type of computing device. In the illustrated example, processor 1804 is connected to a bus 1802, although any communication medium can be used to facilitate interaction with other modules of computing module 1800 or to communicate externally.

Computing module 1800 might also include one or more memory modules, simply referred to herein as main memory 1808. For example, preferably random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic memory, might be used for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 1804. Main memory 1808 might also be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 1804. Computing module 1800 might likewise include a read only memory (“ROM”) or other static storage device coupled to bus 1802 for storing static information and instructions for processor 1804.

The computing module 1800 might also include one or more various forms of information storage mechanism 1810, which might include, for example, a media drive 1812 and a storage unit interface 1820. The media drive 1812 might include a drive or other mechanism to support fixed or removable storage media 1814. For example, a hard disk drive, a solid state drive, an optical disk drive, a CD, DVD, or BLU-RAY drive (R or RW), or other removable or fixed media drive might be provided. Accordingly, storage media 1814 might include, for example, a hard disk, a solid state drive, cartridge, optical disk, a CD, a DVD, a BLU-RAY, or other fixed or removable medium that is read by, written to or accessed by media drive 1812. As these examples illustrate, the storage media 1814 can include a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software or data.

In alternative embodiments, information storage mechanism 1810 might include other similar instrumentalities for allowing computer programs or other instructions or data to be loaded into computing module 1800. Such instrumentalities might include, for example, a fixed or removable storage unit 1822 and an interface 1820. Examples of such storage units 1822 and interfaces 1820 can include a program cartridge and cartridge interface, a removable memory (for example, a flash memory or other removable memory module) and memory slot, a PCMCIA slot and card, and other fixed or removable storage units 1822 and interfaces 1820 that allow software and data to be transferred from the storage unit 1822 to computing module 1800.

Computing module 1800 might also include a communications interface 1824. Communications interface 1824 might be used to allow software and data to be transferred between computing module 1800 and external devices. Examples of communications interface 1824 might include a peripheral interface such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) interface, a modem or softmodem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet, network interface card, WiMedia, IEEE 802.XX or other interface), a BLUETOOTH interface, a communications port (such as for example, a USB port, USB-C port, THUNDERBOLT port, or other port), or other communications interface. Software and data transferred via communications interface 1824 might typically be carried on signals, which can be electronic, electromagnetic (which includes optical) or other signals capable of being exchanged by a given communications interface 1824. These signals might be provided to communications interface 1824 via a channel 1828. This channel 1828 might carry signals and might be implemented using a wired or wireless communication medium. Some examples of a channel might include a phone line, a cellular link, an RF link, an optical link, a network interface, a local or wide area network, and other wired or wireless communications channels.

In this document, the terms “computer readable medium”, “computer usable medium” and “computer program medium” are used to generally refer to non-transitory mediums, volatile or non-volatile, such as, for example, memory 1808, storage unit 1822, and media 1814. These and other various forms of computer program media or computer usable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution. Such instructions embodied on the medium, are generally referred to as “computer program code” or a “computer program product” (which may be grouped in the form of computer programs or other groupings). When executed, such instructions might enable the computing module 1800 to perform features or functions of the present application as discussed herein.

Although described above in terms of various exemplary embodiments and implementations, it should be understood that the various features, aspects and functionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment with which they are described, but instead can be applied, alone or in various combinations, to one or more of the other embodiments of the application, whether or not such embodiments are described and whether or not such features are presented as being a part of a described embodiment. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present application should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments.

Terms and phrases used in this document, and variations thereof, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing: the term “including” should be read as meaning “including, without limitation” or the like; the term “example” is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; the terms “a” or “an” should be read as meaning “at least one,” “one or more” or the like; and adjectives such as “conventional,” “traditional,” “normal,” “standard,” “known” and terms of similar meaning should not be construed as limiting the item described to a given time period or to an item available as of a given time, but instead should be read to encompass conventional, traditional, normal, or standard technologies that may be available or known now or at any time in the future. Likewise, where this document refers to technologies that would be apparent or known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such technologies encompass those apparent or known to the skilled artisan now or at any time in the future.

The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to” or other like phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent.

Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described in terms of exemplary block diagrams, flow charts and other illustrations. As will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their various alternatives can be implemented without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, block diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration.

While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not of limitation. Likewise, the various diagrams may depict an example architectural or other configuration for the disclosure, which is done to aid in understanding the features and functionality that can be included in the disclosure. The disclosure is not restricted to the illustrated example architectures or configurations, but the desired features can be implemented using a variety of alternative architectures and configurations. Indeed, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art how alternative functional, logical or physical partitioning and configurations can be implemented to implement the desired features of the present disclosure. Also, a multitude of different constituent module names other than those depicted herein can be applied to the various partitions. Additionally, with regard to flow diagrams, operational descriptions and method claims, the order in which the steps are presented herein shall not mandate that various embodiments be implemented to perform the recited functionality in the same order unless the context dictates otherwise.

It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing in this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform operations comprising: retrieving a property description describing a real property; generating a numeric representation of the property description; determining one or more keywords of a keyword list present or absent in the property description; generating one or more values corresponding to a presence or absence of the one or more keywords in the property description; combining the numeric representation of the property description with the one or more values to create a combination; and computing, based on the combination, a most likely classification of the property description from a plurality of classifications.
 2. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: determining, based on the most likely classification, whether or not to automatically select a best property description from a plurality of property descriptions potentially describing the real property, the plurality of property descriptions including the property description.
 3. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 2, wherein the operations further comprise: automatically selecting the best property description from the plurality of property descriptions; and after selecting the best property description, populating a document or field with text of the best property description.
 4. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein computing the most likely classification of the property description from the plurality of classifications, comprises: computing, by inputting the combination into a trained classification prediction model, a probability that each classification of the plurality of classifications is a correct classification; and determining the most likely classification as the classification having the highest probability of being the correct classification.
 5. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 4, wherein the trained classification prediction model is configured to use a ridge regression method to compute the probability that each classification of the plurality of classifications is the correct classification.
 6. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 4, wherein the plurality of classifications are selected from the group comprising: simple subdivision, mid-level subdivision, complex subdivision, metes and bounds, and sectional.
 7. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 6, wherein the one or more keywords of the keyword list are selected from the group comprising: easement, except, interest, condominium, section, township, range, feet, parcel, subdivision, and lot.
 8. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein generating the one or more values corresponding to the presence of the one or more keywords, comprises: generating a first value indicating that a combination of keywords of the keyword list is present.
 9. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein: generating the numeric representation of the property description comprises: generating a first vector representing the property description; generating the one or more values corresponding to the presence or absence of the one or more keywords in the property description, comprises: generating a second vector representing the presence or absence of the one or more keywords in the property description; and combining the numeric representation of the property description with the one or more values to create the combination, comprises: combining the first vector and the second vector.
 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein: the second vector is a vector of binary values; one of the binary values provides an indication that at least one keyword of the keyword list is present, and another one of the binary values provides an indication that at least one keyword of the keyword list is absent.
 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein: the property description comprises a string of text; and generating the first vector representing the property description, comprises: generating, from the string, using a model trained on a plurality of structured property descriptions, the first vector.
 12. A method, comprising: retrieving, at a computing device, a property description describing a real property; generating, at the computing device, a numeric representation of the property description; determining, at the computing device, one or more keywords of a keyword list present or absent in the property description; generating, at the computing device, one or more values corresponding to a presence or absence of the one or more keywords in the property description; combining, at the computing device, the numeric representation of the property description with the one or more values to create a combination; and computing, at the computing device, based on the combination, a most likely classification of the property description from a plurality of classifications.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: determining, based on the most likely classification, whether or not to automatically select a best property description from a plurality of property descriptions potentially describing the real property, the plurality of property descriptions including the property description.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: automatically selecting, at the computing device, the best property description from the plurality of property descriptions; and after selecting the best property description, populating, at the computing device, a document or field with text of the best property description.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein computing the most likely classification of the property description from the plurality of classifications, comprises: computing, by inputting the combination into a trained classification prediction model, a probability that each classification of the plurality of classifications is a correct classification; and determining the most likely classification as the classification having the highest probability of being the correct classification.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the trained classification prediction model is configured to use a ridge regression method to compute the probability that each classification of the plurality of classifications is the correct classification.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein: the plurality of classifications are selected from the group comprising: simple subdivision, mid-level subdivision, complex subdivision, metes and bounds, and sectional; and the one or more keywords of the keyword list are selected from the group comprising: easement, except, interest, condominium, section, township, range, feet, parcel, subdivision, and lot.
 18. A system, comprising: a processor; and a non-transitory computer readable medium having executable instructions stored thereon, that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform operations comprising: retrieving a property description describing a real property; generating a numeric representation of the property description; determining one or more keywords of a keyword list present or absent in the property description; generating one or more values corresponding to a presence or absence of the one or more keywords in the property description; combining the numeric representation of the property description with the one or more values to create a combination; and computing, based on the combination, a most likely classification of the property description from a plurality of classifications.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the operations further comprise: determining, based on the most likely classification, whether or not to automatically select a best property description from a plurality of property descriptions potentially describing the real property, the plurality of property descriptions including the property description.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the operations further comprise: automatically selecting the best property description from the plurality of property descriptions; and after selecting the best property description, populating a document or field with text of the best property description. 